Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 48-54 , April 2009

Corneal staining: Do we really understand what we are seeing?

References 

  1. Romanchuk KG, Fluorescein . Physiochemical factors affecting its fluorescence. Surv Ophthalmol. 1982;26:269–283
  2. Orndorff WR, Hemmer AJ. Fluorescein and some of its derivatives. J Am Chem Soc. 1927;49:1272–1280
  3. Hart SR, Staudigel H, Workman R, Koppers AAP, Girard AP. A fluorescein tracer release experiment in the hydrothermally active crater of Vailulu’u volcano, Samoa. J Geophys Res. 2003;108:2377
  4. Maucieri LA, Monk JW. Enhancement of faint and dilute bloodstains with fluorescence reagents. California Criminalistics Institute; 1992;
  5. Noga EJ, Udomkusonsri P. Fluorescein: a rapid, sensitive, nonlethal method for detecting skin ulceration in fish. Vet Pathol Online. 2002;39:726–731
  6. Model MA, Blank JL. Concentrated dyes as a source of two-dimensional fluorescent field for characterization of a confocal microscope. J Microsc. 2008;229:12–16
  7. Sakata K, Funatsu H, Harino S, Noma H, Hori S. Relationship of macular microcirculation and retinal thickness with visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:2061–2069
  8. Rosenfeld PJ, Heier JS, Hantsbarger G, Shams N. Tolerability and efficacy of multiple escalating doses of ranibizumab (Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:632 e1
  9. Grisanti S, Biester S, Peters S, Tatar O, Ziemssen F, Bartz-Schmidt KU. Intracameral bevacizumab for iris rubeosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:158–160
  10. Dumbleton K. Adverse events with silicone hydrogel continuous wear. Contact Lens Ant Eye. 2002;25:137–146
  11. Holden BA, Stephenson A, Stretton S, Sankaridurg PR, O’Hare N, Jalbert I, et al. Superior epithelial arcuate lesions with soft contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78:9–12
  12. Loftstrom T, Kruse A. A conjunctival response to silicone hydrogel lens wear. Contact Lens Spectrum. 2005;20:42–44
  13. Begley CG, Chalmers RL, Abetz L, Venkataraman K, Mertzanis P, Caffery BA, et al. The relationship between habitual patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs among patients with dry eye of varying severity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:4753–4761
  14. Zadnik K, Barr JT, Steger-May K, Edrington TB, McMahon TT, Gordon MO. Comparison of flat and steep rigid contact lens fitting methods in keratoconus. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:1014–1021
  15. Kim J. The use of vital dyes in corneal disease. Curr Opini Ophthalmol. 2000;11:241–247
  16. Feenstra RPG, Tseng SCG. Comparison of fluorescein and rose bengal staining. Ophthalmology (Rochester, MN). 1992;99:605–617
  17. Wang L, Gaigalas AK, Abbasi F, Marti G, Vogt RF, Schwartz A. Quantitating fluorescence intensity from fluorophores: practical use of MESF values. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol. 2002;107:
  18. Eliason JA, Maurice DM. Staining of the Conjunctiva and conjunctival tear film. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:519–522
  19. Peterson RC, Wolffsohn JS, Fowler CW. Optimization of anterior eye fluorescein viewing. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:572–575
  20. Claoue C. Experimental contamination of Minims of fluorescein by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;70:507–509
  21. Doughty MJ, Jalota V, Bennett E, Naase T, Oblak E. Use of a high molecular weight fluorescein (fluorexon) ophthalmic strip in assessments of tear film break-up time in contact lens wearers and non-contact lens wearers. Ophthal Physiolo Opt. 2005;25:119–127
  22. Himebaugh NL, Wright AR, Bradley A, Begley CG, Thibos LN. Use of retroillumination to visualize optical aberrations caused by tear film break-up. Optom Vis Sci. 2003;80:69–78
  23. Dumbleton K. Clinical performance and observation – lens fit. www.siliconehydrogels.org Editorial January 2002.
  24. Korb DR, Herman JP. Corneal staining subsequent to sequential fluorescein instillations. J Am Optom Assoc. 1979;50:361–367
  25. Efron N. Contact lens complications. 2nd ed.. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2004;
  26. In:  Phillips A,  Speedwell L editor. CCLRU grading scales (Appendix D) in contact lenses. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997;p. 863–867
  27. Efron N, Morgan PB, Katsara SS. Validation of grading scales for contact lens complications. Ophthal Physiol Opt. 2000;21:17–29
  28. Pritchard N, Jones L, Dumbleton K, Fonn D. Epithelial inclusions in association with mucin ball development in high-oxygen permeability hydrogel lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77:68–72
  29. Dumbleton K, Jones L, Chalmers R, Williams-Lyn D, Fonn D. Clinical characterization of spherical post-lens debris associated with lotrafilcon high-Dk silicone lenses. CLAO J. 2000;26:186–192
  30. Millar TJ, Papas EB, Ozkan J, Jalbert I, Ball M. Clinical appearance and microscopic analysis of mucin balls associated with contact lens wear. Cornea. 2003;22:740–745
  31. Ladage PM, Petroll WM, Jester JV, Fisher S, Bergmanson JP, Cavanagh HD. Spherical indentations of human and rabbit corneal epithelium following extended contact lens wear. CLAO J. 2004;2002:177–180
  32. Jones LW, Jones DA. Non-inflammatory corneal complications of contact lens wear. Contact Lens Ant Eye. 2001;24:73–79
  33. Wilson G, Ren H, Laurent J. Corneal epithelial fluorescein staining. J Am Optom Assoc. 1995;66:435–441
  34. Kanno Y, Loewenstein WR. Intercellular Diffusion. Science. 1964;143:959–960
  35. Ward SL, Walker TL, Dimitrijevich SD. Evaluation of chemically induced toxicity using an in vitro model of human corneal epithelium. Toxicology In Vitro. 1997;11:121–139
  36. McNamara NA, Polse KA, Fukunaga SA, Maebori JS, Suzuki RM. Soft lens extended wear affects epithelial barrier function. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:2330–2335
  37. Lin MC, Graham AD, Fusaro RE, Polse KA. Impact of rigid gas-permeable contact lens extended wear on corneal epithelial barrier function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:1019–1024
  38. Jones L, Jones D, Houlford M. Clinical comparison of three polyhexanide-preserved multi-purpose contact lens solutions. Contact Lens Ant Eye. 1997;20:23–30
  39. Jones L, MacDougall N, Sorbara LG. Asymptomatic corneal staining associated with the use of balafilcon silicone-hydrogel contact lenses disinfected with a polyaminopropyl biguanide-preserved care regimen. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:753–761
  40. Andrasko GJ, Ryen KA. A Series of evaluations of MPS and silicone hydrogel lens combinations. Rev Cornea Contact Lens. 2007;(March):
  41. Dillehay SM, Long B, Cutter G. A statistical analysis of the staining grid. Contact Lens Spectr. 2007;(November):
  42. Carnt N, Willcox MDP, Evans DJ, Naduvilath T, Tilia D, Papas E, et al. Corneal staining: The IER matrix study. Contact Lens Spectr. 2007;(September):
  43. Ward KW. Superficial punctate fluorescein staining of the ocular surface. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85:8–16
  44. Carnt N, Jalbert I, Stretton S, Naduvilath T, Papas E. Solution toxicity in soft contact lens daily wear is associated with corneal inflammation. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84:309–315
  45. Szczotka-Flynn L, Debanne SM, Cheruvu VK, Long B, Dillehay S, Barr J, et al. Predictive factors for corneal infiltrates with continuous wear of silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:488–492
  46. Fleiszig SM. The Glenn A. Fry award lecture 2005. The pathogenesis of contact lens-related keratitis. Optom Vis Sci. 2006;83:866–873
  47. Tchao R, McCanna DJ, Miller MJ. Comparison of contact lens multipurpose solutions by in vitro sodium fluorescein permeability assay. CLAO J. 2002;28:151–156
  48. Barrett RP, Mowery-McKee M, Hazlett LD. Punctate fluorescein corneal staining observed using polyhexamethylene biguanide containing disinfecting solution not indicitive of corneal surface damage. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2005;46:E-Abstract 5732
  49. Muya L, Mowrey-Mckee MF, Minno G, Meadows F. Deterimation of binding of PHMB to mucin. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2008;49:E-Abstract 4869
  50. Burstein NL. Preservative alteration of corneal permeability in humans and rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984;25:1453–1457

PII: S1367-0484(08)00150-1

doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2008.09.004

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 48-54 , April 2009